Anti Money Laundering (AML)

Uda beberapa kali gw dapet imel dari orang asing. Biasanya dari Afrika, Arab, dan negara2 "bermasalah" lainnya... yg intinya itu imel bilang klo ada duit dlm jumlah besar di suatu bank. Tapi owner duit itu meninggal dalam kecelakaan or apa lah yg sampe keluarga2nya juga ikutan mokat.

Trus orang ini nawarin duit itu utk di-share ke kita sekian persen karena bank gak mo nanggung bill claim-nya.

Biasanya imel kek ginian gw diemin aja. Soalnya gw tau, ini adalah salah satu contoh praktek Money Laundering alias Pencucian Uang. Jadi duit itu sebenernya adalah duit hasil kejahatan (korupsi, jual obat2an terlarang, judi), yang dia mau masukin ke bank karena duit "kotor" setelah masuk bank, akan keluar sebagai duit "bersih".

Kenapa dia gak masukin aja duitnya ke bank sendiri? Kan dia gak usah repot2 cari orang dari luar negri, dan terutama dia gak usah share duitnya dg orang lain?

Jawabannya, karena bank menerapkan standard2 atau scenario2 tertentu yg bisa mendeteksi apakah duit yg mo kita setor itu "bersih" atau "kotor". Karena itu, gak sembarangan orang bisa nyetor duitnya. Apalagi dalam jumlah besar.

Inget gak, iklan bank di TV, yg slogannya: kalau bersih, kenapa harus risih?

Dalam banking, dikenal juga istilah KYC or Know Your Customer. Jadi, adalah hak suatu bank utk mengenal setiap nasabahnya. Dan uda kewajiban nasabah utk mau dicek-ricek informasinya. Background pekerjaan, keluarga, pendidikan, pendapatan. Nanti di-cross check lagi dg group yg serupa.

Misalnya gini nih... Klo background pekerjaan kita adalah guru, dari keluarga menengah, pendidikan maksimal S1, pendapatan rata2 1 juta sebulan... di-cross check lagi dg nasabah lain yg sesama guru juga rata2 background-nya mirip2.

Dengan pattern2 tsb, klo ada kejanggalan, misal bulan ini tiba2 masukin duit 100juta, bakalan ada alert di Anti Money Laundering System di banking yg nunjukin... "oiii panaaassss.... panaaas.... takuuuut"... Hihihi... gak gitu ding, tapi kira2 gitu dey...

Pattern paling simple adalah mendeteksi jumlah uang. Klo gak salah, alert sistem akan bekerja klo kita setor or transfer duit di atas 500juta. Bukan cuma transfer sederhana, tapi transfer yg muter2 juga bisa dideteksi.

Contoh pattern bukan cuma itu aja. Ada banyak pattern, bisa ribuan, dan bakalan di-update terus. Pokoke prinsip kerjanya kaya' Anti Virus deh. Bedanya klo anti virus berhubungan sama virus, klo ini sama manusia. Bisa teroris, koruptor, drug dealer... yg serem2 punya. Makanya gak heran para pelaku kejahatannya dari negara2 serem2 yg gw sebutin di atas.

Kenapa juga bank ikut2an repot dg praktek ini. Toh, bukan tanggung jawab bank klo duit banyak bisa masuk ke bank tsb. Lagian, bukannya tugas polisi utk nangkepin orang2 jahat tsb?

Jawabannya simpel aja... ide AML ini awalnya sih dari Amerika. Tau sendiri donk, Amerika negara anti teroris yg juga adi kuasa. Dia berpandangan bahwa kegiatan money laundering sama aja artinya dg praktek pendanaan terorisme. Karena uang jahat beredar oleh orang jahat, yg pasti juga digunakan utk kejahatan. Dan peredarannya pasti lewat bank. Klo dicegat dari "pintu masuk" alias bank-nya, at least bisa mengurangi praktek kejahatan.

Itu teorinya... prakteknya? Bagi bank, berarti harus menyiapkan sistem AML yg di-attach ke core banking systemnya. Dan itu gak murah. Padahal selain AML, bank terikat dg regulasi2 lain. Seperti risk management, dan regulasi lain dari Bank Sentral (di Indonesia berarti Bank Indonesia). Jadi sebenernya bank sendiri juga keberatan. Dalam beberapa seminar yg gw ikutin, banyak kok bank yg protes klo harus beli sistem ini. Terutama dari bank2 kecil.

Back to soal imel tadi. Para money launderer ini, banyak menjaring "korban" dari luar negeri, terutama dari negara yg orang2nya belum peka dg istilah AML, contohnya Indonesia.

Gw pernah beberapa kali denger cerita, orang awam di desa, yg tiba2 dapet surat serupa. Seolah2 seperti dapet "durian jatoh" alias ketiban rejeki dadakan, mereka seneng2 aja ditransfer duit berjuta2 US dollar. Tanpa dia sadar, bahwa namanya udah terjerat praktek pencucian uang.

Tiba2 polisi atau badan berwenang lainnya nangkep dia, trus dia dikait2kan dg kejahatan terorisme. Wah, runyam deh urusannya. Klo pun misalnya dia lolos, in the future, dia ataupun anggota keluarga lainnya uda terlanjur masuk daftar "black list" yg akan disebar di seluruh bank dunia, sehingga dia akan ditolak di bank manapun ketika melakukan transaksi uang. Biar lepas dari daftar "black list" pasti bukan lah perkara yg mudah.

Karena cukup geram sama imel2 model beginian... maka kali ini gw gak tinggal diam. Gw reply imelnya... Gw bilang gini:

dear dr ali,

thanks for sending this information to me. i have forward this to banking crime police department in my country in order to check the truth of your story. i'm suspicious that you are related with anti money laundering web.

once again, thanks for sending this. it will be a very good evidence for the police.

Well, skali2 orang model begitu emang harus dikerjain...

O ya, klo yg pengen tau "surat cinta" dari si Dr. Ali, bisa dibaca di bawah ini... (buat yg gak peduli, gak usah baca, hehe)

FROM THE DESK OF ALI MUSA
BILL AND EXCHANGE MANAGER,
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)
OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO.


Dear Friend,

How are you,first i will explain my self little to you before we continue. I
am the manager of bill and exchange at the foreign remittance department of
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)I am writing to seek your interest over a
transaction.

In my department we discovered an abandoned sum of $15m US dollars (FIFTEEN
MILLION US DOLLARS) . In an account that belongs to one of our foreign
customer who died along with his entire family in November 2001 in a plane
crash. Since we got information about his death, we have been expecting his
next of kin to come over and claim his money because we cannot release it
unless somebody applies for it as next of kin or relation to the deceased as
indicated in our banking guidelines but unfortunately we learnt that all his
supposed next of kin or relation died alongside with him at the plane
crash leaving nobody behind for the claim.

It is therefore upon this discovery that I and one other official in my
department have decided to make this business proposal to you and release
the money to you as the next of kin or relation to the deceased for safety
and subsequent disbursement since nobody is coming for it and we don?t want
this money to go into the Bank's treasury as unclaimed Bill.

The Banking law and guideline here stipulates that if such money remained
unclaimed after five years, the money will be transferred into the Bank's
treasury as unclaimed fund. The request of foreigner as next of kin in this
business is occasioned by the fact that the customer was a foreigner and a
Burkinabe cannot stand as next of kin to a foreigner.

We agree that 40 % of this money will be for you as foreign partner, in
respect to the provision of a foreign account, 10 % will be set aside for
expenses incurred during the business and 50 % would be for me and my
colleague. There after I will visit your country for disbursement of the
fund according to the percentages indicated in this proposal. Therefore to
enable the immediate transfer of this fund to you as arranged, you must
apply first to the bank as relations or next of kin of the deceased
indicating your bank name, your bank account number, your private telephone
and fax number for easy and effective communication and location where in
the money will be
remitted.

Upon receipt of your reply, I will send to you by email the text of the
application. I will not fail to bring to your notice that this transaction
is hitch free and that you should not entertain any atom of fear as all
required arrangements have been made for the transfer .

You should contact me immediately as soon as you receive this letter.

Trusting to hear from you immediately.


Yours faithfully,
Dr Ali Musa
Bill and Exchange Manager,
Africa Development Bank (A.D.B)